Schema::create('bears', function(Blueprint $table)
        {
            $table->increments('id');
        
            $table->string('name');
            $table->string('type');
            $table->integer('danger_level'); // this will be between 1-10
        
            $table->timestamps();
        });

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
 
public function boot()
{
    Schema::defaultStringLength(191);
}

<?php
 
namespace App\Models;
 
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 
class Bear extends Model {
 
    // MASS ASSIGNMENT -------------------------------------------------------
    // define which attributes are mass assignable (for security)
    // we only want these 3 attributes able to be filled
    protected $fillable = array('name', 'type', 'danger_level');
 
    // DEFINE RELATIONSHIPS --------------------------------------------------
    // each bear HAS one fish to eat
    public function fish() {
        return $this->hasOne('App\Models\Fish'); // this matches the Eloquent model
    }
 
    // each bear climbs many trees
    public function trees() {
        return $this->hasMany('App\Models\Tree');
    }
 
    // each bear BELONGS to many picnic
    // define our pivot table also
    public function picnics() {
        return $this->belongsToMany('App\Models\Picnic', 'bears_picnics', 'bear_id', 'picnic_id');
    }
 
}

<?php
 
use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use App\Models\Bear;
use App\Models\Fish;
use App\Models\Picnic;
use App\Models\Tree;
 
class DatabaseSeeder extends Seeder {
    
        /**
         * Run the database seeds.
         *
         * @return void
         */
        public function run()
        {
            Model::unguard();
    
            // call our class and run our seeds
            $this->call('BearAppSeeder');
            $this->command->info('Bear app seeds finished.'); // show information in the command line after everything is run
        }
    
    }
    
    // our own seeder class
    // usually this would be its own file
    class BearAppSeeder extends Seeder {
    
        public function run() {
    
            // clear our database ------------------------------------------
            DB::table('bears')->delete();
            DB::table('fish')->delete();
            DB::table('picnics')->delete();
            DB::table('trees')->delete();
            DB::table('bears_picnics')->delete();
    
            // seed our bears table -----------------------
            // we'll create three different bears
    
            // bear 1 is named Lawly. She is extremely dangerous. Especially when hungry.
            $bearLawly = Bear::create(array(
                'name'         => 'Lawly',
                'type'         => 'Grizzly',
                'danger_level' => 8
            ));
    
            // bear 2 is named Cerms. He has a loud growl but is pretty much harmless.
            $bearCerms = Bear::create(array(
                'name'         => 'Cerms',
                'type'         => 'Black',
                'danger_level' => 4
            ));
    
            // bear 3 is named Adobot. He is a polar bear. He drinks vodka.
            $bearAdobot = Bear::create(array(
                'name'         => 'Adobot',
                'type'         => 'Polar',
                'danger_level' => 3
            ));
    
            $this->command->info('The bears are alive!');
    
            // seed our fish table ------------------------
            // our fish wont have names... because theyre going to be eaten
    
            // we will use the variables we used to create the bears to get their id
    
            Fish::create(array(
                'weight'  => 5,
                'bear_id' => $bearLawly->id
            ));
            Fish::create(array(
                'weight'  => 12,
                'bear_id' => $bearCerms->id
            ));
            Fish::create(array(
                'weight'  => 4,
                'bear_id' => $bearAdobot->id
            ));
    
            $this->command->info('They are eating fish!');
    
            // seed our trees table ---------------------
            Tree::create(array(
                'type'    => 'Redwood',
                'age'     => 500,
                'bear_id' => $bearLawly->id
            ));
            Tree::create(array(
                'type'    => 'Oak',
                'age'     => 400,
                'bear_id' => $bearLawly->id
            ));
    
            $this->command->info('Climb bears! Be free!');
    
            // seed our picnics table ---------------------
    
            // we will create one picnic and apply all bears to this one picnic
            $picnicYellowstone = Picnic::create(array(
                'name'        => 'Yellowstone',
                'taste_level' => 6
            ));
            $picnicGrandCanyon = Picnic::create(array(
                'name'        => 'Grand Canyon',
                'taste_level' => 5
            ));
 
            $this->command->info('lololol');
    
            // link our bears to picnics ---------------------
            // for our purposes we'll just add all bears to both picnics for our many to many relationship
            $bearLawly->picnics()->attach($picnicYellowstone->id);
            $bearLawly->picnics()->attach($picnicGrandCanyon->id);
    
            $bearCerms->picnics()->attach($picnicYellowstone->id);
            $bearCerms->picnics()->attach($picnicGrandCanyon->id);
    
            $bearAdobot->picnics()->attach($picnicYellowstone->id);
            $bearAdobot->picnics()->attach($picnicGrandCanyon->id);
    
            $this->command->info('They are terrorizing picnics!');
    
        }
    
    }
    
 

php artisan db:seed

//create new entry in DB and assign
$bearLawly = Bear::create(array(
                'name'         => 'Lawly',
                'type'         => 'Grizzly',
                'danger_level' => 8
            ));
 
// find the bear or create it into the database
Bear::firstOrCreate(array('name' => 'Lawly'));
 
// find the bear or instantiate a new instance into the object we want
//without creating it in DB
$bear = Bear::firstOrNew(array('name' => 'Cerms'));

// get all the bears
$bears = Bear::all();
 
// find a specific bear by id
$bear = Bear::find(1);
 
// find a bear by a specific attribute
$bearLawly = Bear::where('name', '=', 'Lawly')->first();
 
// find a bear with danger level greater than 5
$dangerousBears = Bear::where('danger_level', '>', 5)->get();
 
//multiple conditions
$results = User::where([
    ['column_1', '=', 'value_1'],
    ['column_2', '<>', 'value_2'],
    [COLUMN, OPERATOR, VALUE],
    ...
])->orWhere([
    ['column_1', '=', 'value_1'],
    ['column_2', '<>', 'value_2'],
    [COLUMN, OPERATOR, VALUE],
    ...
])->get();

//change the attributes of an instance, then
$lawly->save();

// find and delete a record
$bear = Bear::find(1);
$bear->delete();
 
// delete a record 
Bear::destroy(1);
 
// delete multiple records 
Bear::destroy(1, 2, 3);
 
// find and delete all bears with a danger level over 5
Bear::where('danger_level', '>', 5)->delete();

// find a bear named Adobot
$adobot = Bear::where('name', '=', 'Adobot')->first();
 
// get the fish that Adobot has
$fish = $adobot->fish;
 
// get the weight of the fish Adobot is going to eat
$fish->weight;
 
// alternatively you could go straight to the weight attribute
$adobot->fish->weight;

// find the trees lawly climbs
$lawly = Bear::where('name', '=', 'Lawly')->first();
 
foreach ($lawly->trees as $tree)
  echo $tree->type . ' ' . $tree->age;

// get the picnics that Cerms goes to ------------------------
$cerms = Bear::where('name', '=', 'Cerms')->first();
 
// get the picnics and their names and taste levels
foreach ($cerms->picnics as $picnic) 
  echo $picnic->name . ' ' . $picnic->taste_level;
 
// get the bears that go to the Grand Canyon picnic -------------
$grandCanyon = Picnic::where('name', '=', 'Grand Canyon')->first();
 
// show the bears
foreach ($grandCanyon->bears as $bear)
  echo $bear->name . ' ' . $bear->type . ' ' . $bear->danger_level;

Route::get('foo', function () {
    return 'Hello World';
});

Route::get('foo/{id}/', function ($id) {
    return "hello $id";
});
 
//optional parameter
Route::get('foo/{id?}/', function ($id=null) {
    return "hello $id";
});

Route::get('myview', function () {
 
    return view('myview',['bears'=> Bear::all()]);//the array is variables to pass
});